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IRRIGATION 


BEING    A    BRIEF    TREATISE    COMPILED 
FROM    AUTHORITATIVE    SOURCES    AND    CON 
TAINING    THE    FULL    TEXT    OF    THE 
"CAREY    ACT." 


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COPYRIGHT  1908 
BY 

j.   S.   &  W.   S.   KUHN 


Compliments  of 
J.    S.    &    W.    S.    Kuhn,   Incorporated 

Pittsburgh^  Philadelphia, 
Chicago    and    St.    Louis. 


Contents. 

Note    -  Page  1 

Arid  Lands  of  the  United  States  "  5 

"Irrigation"  "  11 

Some  " Irrigation"  Legal  Features  "  15 

The  Carey  Act      -  '•'  19 

Development  of  Irrigation  "  27 

The  Largest  and  Most  Successful  Irrigation  Project  in 

the  United  States— The  Twin  Falls  Tract  '  35 

Opportunities  for  Investment  afforded  by  Irrigation  "  57 


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NOTE; 

T^HE  purpose  of  this  book  is  to  familiarize  its  readers  with 
"Irrigation" — its  meaning,  and  its  bearing  on  the  National 
prosperity — through  a  brief,  and  at  the  same  time,  comprehen- 
sive presentation  of  the  subject. 

An  effort  has  been  made  to  convey  a  clear  appreciation  of 
what  it  accomplishes — the  enormous  possibilities  of  its  contri- 
bution to  the  wealth  of  the  Nation — the  opportunities  offered  by 
it,  to  the  conservative  investor,  for  the  employment  of  capital, 
in  large  or  small  amounts,  under  the  strong  safeguards  estab- 
lished by  the  Government. 

The  book  may  be  divided  into  three  parts. 

I.     An  academic  treatment  of  the  subject  of  Irri- 
gation. 

II.     An  illustration  of  one  of  its  conspicuous  under- 
takings. 

III.     The    participation    afforded    investors    in    re- 
claiming the  arid  lands. 

The  information  contained  herein  has  been  compiled  from 
official  and  authoritative  sources,  and  due  acknowledgment 
is  made  to  those  responsible  for  the  data  contained  in  the  several 
reports  of  the  United  States  Government  Reclamation  Service; 
the  Idaho  State  Engineer,  the  State  Board  of  Horticultural 
Inspection,  the  State  Bureau  of  Immigration,  Labor  and  Sta- 
tistics; and  to  J.  Warner  Mills,  Esq.,  author  of  "Mills'  Irrigation 
Manual,"  D.  W.  Ross,  Esq.,  Supervising  Engineer,  and  C.  J. 
Blanchard,  Esq.,  Statistician  of  the  Government  Reclamation 
Service,  and  to  Messrs.  R.  H.  McCollum  and  Edw.  T.  Barber, 
of  Idaho. 


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''Water  is  the  mother  of  the  vine, 
The  nurse  and  fountain  of  fecundity, 
The  adorner  and  refresher  of  the  world." 

Chas.  Mackay — The  Dionysia. 

Of  all  the  Wonders  of  the  World,  who  shall  say  that  any  one 
is  conspicuous,  in  magnitude  or  marvel,  beside  those  collossal 
undertakings  of  modern  times — transforming  the  vast  tracts  of 
desert  waste,  into  fertile  fields,  prolific  with  crops  beyond  belief! 

Or,  in  the  history  of  man's  work,  what  progress  is  more  note- 
worthy than  that  which  has  made  possible  "two  blades  of  grass  to 
grow  on  the  same  spot  of  earth  where  only  one  grew  before, ' '  and 
has  converted  more  than  1,000,000  square  miles  of  desolate  plains 
into  a  dozen  commonwealths  of  25,000,000  inhabitants! 

The  Government  at  Washington  is  shouting  the  slogan  "Irri- 
gation" to  advance  the  Nation's  standards  of  wealth  and  power, 
and  the  farmer  with  his  toil,  and  the  capitalist  with  his  gold,  are 
taking  up  the  cry,  as  they  realize  that  the  development  of  the  latent 
resources  of  the  country,  in  the  reclamation  of  its  arid  lands,  will 
keep  it  the  foremost  Nation  of  the  earth  for  centuries  to  come. 

What  then  might  be  this  magic  "Irrigation,"  which  finds  today 
the  wide  extending  plains,  and  gently  sloping  plateaus,  mottled 
with  the  cancerous  sage  brush,  neglected  and  deserted,  except  by 
the  jackrabbit  and  howling  coyote,  and  tomorrow  presents  to  the 
world,  for  admiration,  luxurious  farms,  rich  in  their  waving 
grasses  and  heavy  laden  grain  fields,  and  orchards,  brilliant  with 
the  variegated  hues  of  ripening  clustered  fruits? 


Arid  Lands  of  the  United  States. 
(The  shaded  portions  indicate  semi-arid  and  humid  tracts.) 


Arid  Lands  of  the  United  States. 

Aridity,  or  the  unequal  distribution  of  moisture, 
Aridity  and  is  largely  the  result  of  topography,  or  inequal- 
its  causes.  ities  of  land  surface.  The  general  movement 

of  the  atmosphere  in  this  country  is  from 
West  to  East.  The  prevailing  winds  from  the  Pacific,  warmed 
by  the  Japan  current,  and  filled  with  moisture,  soon  reaching 
the  mountain  ranges  paralleling  the  coast,  are  forced  upward, 
and  condensed  by  the  rapid  cooling  of  the  higher  altitudes. 
Their  moisture,  precipitated  on  the  mountains,  they  pass  East- 
ward as  dry  winds,  denying  the  thirsty  plains  and  lowlands  the 
moisture  they  formerly  held,  and  with  which  they  so  extrava- 
gantly parted. 

The  lands  of  the  United  States  may  be  divided  into 
Lands  three  groups,  differentiated  by  relatively  decreasing 

Grouped.         rainfall,  as    "Humid,"    "Semi-arid"   and  "Arid." 
In  the  first  group  are  all  of  the  states  east  of  the 
Mississippi  River,  and  those  bordering  it  on  the  West,  together 
with  the  Western  portions  of  Oregon  and  Washington. 

The  Semi-arid  group  includes  the  greater  portions  of  the 
Dakotas,  Nebraska,  Kansas,  Oklahoma  and  Texas,  Central 
Colorado,  Northern  Idaho  and  the  Eastern  part  of  California 
and  Washington, 

The  Arid  region — that  wherein  the  average  annual  rain- 
tall  is  20  inches  or  less,  and  where  the  rainfall  during  the  grow- 
ing season  is  insufficient  for  raising  crops — covers  Montana, 
Wyoming,  Colorado,  Utah,  Nevada,  Arizona,  New  Mexico, 
Western  Texas,  Eastern  Oregon  and  the  Southern  portions  of 
California  and  Idaho. 

This  region  embraces  two-fifths  of  the  entire  area  of  the 
United  States,  in  view  of  which,  little  wonder  attaches  to  the 
importance  of  its  reclamation,  as  a  vital  contributor  to  the 
wealth  and  future  prosperity  of  the  Nation. 


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The  arid  lands  actually  desert  are  comparatively 
Soil  of  few,  but  the  scanty  vegetation  on  the  balance  is 

Arid  lands.  of  little  value.  The  soils,  however,  are  rich  in 
mineral  ingredients.  The  soluble  salts  are  not 
washed  out  by  rain,  as  they  have  been  in  the  humid  regions, 
but  as  stimulating  chemicals  have  been  accumulated  and  re- 
tained. These  soils  are  also  usually  of  the  same  quality  to  great 
depths,  and  plant  roots  penetrate  more  deeply,  finding  good 
feeding  area  and  ability  to  resist  drought.  The  rainfall  farmer 
is  obliged  to  resort  to  the  "rotation  of  crops"  and  "fertilizers" 
to  maintain  the  productiveness  of  his  soil,  but  where  arid  lands 
have  been  farmed  for  forty  years,  there  has  been  no  perceptible 
diminution  in  the  quality  or  quantity  of  crops,  proving  con- 
clusively the  stability  of  the  richness  of  soil. 

Mr.  F.  H.  Newell,  the  chief  engineer  of  the  Government 
Reclamation  Service,  in  one  of  his  earlier  reports  says:  "The 
open  range  of  the  arid  region  is  capable  of  supporting  one  cow 
to  every  twenty  or  thirty  acres,  the  same  land  when  watered 
and  put  in  alfalfa  will  feed  twelve  cows  to  every  twenty  acres, 
or  in  orchard,  in  favorable  altitudes,  will  support  a  family  of 
from  three  to  five  persons.  An  enormous  enhancement  in  land 
values  therefore  attaches  to  the  reclamation  of  these  arid  tracts ; 
as  an  open  range  its  value  may  be  50  cents  per  acre,  while  under 
irrigation  the  selling  price  may  be  from  $50  to  $1,000  per  acre. 

"One  of  the  great  economic  questions  now  before  the  people 
of  the  country  is  the  utilization  of  this  vast  area  whose  soil  is 
so  rich. 

"The  Public  Lands  embrace  nearly  one- third  of  the 
Public  entire  extent  of  the  United  States,  and  are  widely 
Lands.  scattered,  extending  from  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  to 
the  Pacific,  and  from  Canada  to  Mexico,  and  of 
these  it  may  be  said,  that  practically  all  of  the  land  now  re- 
maining in  the  hands  of  the  Government  is  arid." 

Long  since  were  the  available  public  lands  of  the  humid 
and  semi-arid  states  absorbed  by  the  rapidly  increasing  popu- 
lation, and  pioneers  set  out  on  the  arid  lands  to  endeavor, 
by  artificially  produced  moisture,  to  raise  remunerative  crops. 
These  pioneers  quickly  demonstrated  the  immense  superiority 


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of  the  arid  lands  over  the  humid  lands,  in  the  greater  produc- 
tiveness of  richer  soil,  when  stimulated  by  regulated  moisture 
and  abundant  sunshine.  And  so,  instead  of  the  arid  lands  re- 
maining the  last  resort  of  a  crowded  community  seeking  cheaper 
lands,  they  became,  wherever  susceptible  of  individual  irrigation, 
the  coveted  prize  of  the  progressive  farmer  who  set  out  to  locate 
them. 

Of  the  arid  lands,  however,  not  all  are  va- 
Obstacles  to  cant,  many  of  them  having  passed  into  the 

Reclamation  hands  of  private  individuals  or  corporations, 

of  Arid  Lands.        including   land    grants  to   railroads  for   the 

purpose  of  aiding  construction,  or  those 
donated  to  States  for  various  purposes,  or  again,  those  upon  which 
homesteads  and  other  entries  have  been  made,  along  the  banks  of 
the  rivers  and  about  springs  and  other  sources  of  water  supply. 
The  problem  of  reclamation  is,  therefore,  not  simply  one  dealing 
with  public  land,  but  is  complicated  by  private  ownership. 
Much  of  the  arid  land,  too,  cannot  be  reclaimed  for  physical 
reasons,  which  include  unsuitable  topography,  lack  of  proper 
water  supply,  or  soil  and  climate  not  adapted  to  agricultural 
pursuits.  And  so  it  is  that  the  lands  which  are  actually  irri- 
gable are  relatively  small  in  extent,  there  being  probably  not 
over  5%  of  arable  land,  in  any  one  state,  which  can  be  irri- 
gated. 


Dairy  Cows  in  Idaho. 


"Permitting  the  water 

to  course  through 

the  furrows." 


The  Twin  Falls  Main  Line  Canal, 


Irrigation. 


The  term  "Irrigation,"  as  here  treated,  refers  to  the 
"Irrigation"  application  of  moisture  to  land  by  artificial  means, 
simply  de-  for  the  purpose  of  fertilizing  land,  and  stimulat- 
fined.  ing  the  growth  of  crops  thereon.  It  may  be 

briefly  explained  as  the  permanent  diversion  of 
water  from  rivers,  lakes  and  other  sources  of  supply,  and  its 
subsequent  conveyance  over  tracts  of  land,  by  means  of  canals 
and  ditches  of  gradually  diminish  ing  size,  until,  through  miniature 
ditches  or  furrows — perhaps  but  a  foot  or  two  apart — it  serves 
to  fertilize  the  soil  with  which  it  is  brought  in  contact. 

The  ideal  engineering  conditions  in  irrigation  projects 
involve,  initially,  a  natural  lake,  at  an  altitude,  considerably 
above  that  of  the  lands  to  be  irrigated,  or  a  river  whose  flow 
is  dependable,  and  whose  fall  and  that  of  the  land,  is  sufficient 
to  permit  of  the  conveyance  of  the  diverted  water  through  canals, 

by  gravity,  over  the  entire  contemplated 
Physical  area,  together  with  natural  reservoir  sites, 

features  of  for  the  storage  of  water  to  supplement  the 

an  Irrigation  river's  flow  in  times  of  unusual  drought,  and 
system.  as  a  safeguard  against  any  contingency  which 

might  arise.  The  diversion  from  the  river 
may  be  accomplished  by  means  of  dams,  those  of  more  recent 
construction  being  of  rock  and  concrete,  raising  the  river  to  a 
proper  height,  and  provided  with  numerous  gates  for  the  proper 
regulation  of  the  flow. 

The  main  canals,  to  be  of  permanency,  are  constructed  of 
rock,  earth  and  concrete,  as  are  also  the  laterals,  leading  off 
from  the  main  canals,  to  the  ditches,  which  carry  the  supply 
to  the  individual  farms,  upon  which  the  flow  is  regulated,  by 
.means  of  frequent  headgates,  permitting,  thereby  the  water  to 
course  through  the  furrows,  made  by  the  farmer  according  to 
his  needs,  or  enabling  him  to  irrigate  his  land  by  flooding  it. 

The  process  of  irrigation  by  no  means  contemplates  a  con- 
tinuous flow  of  water,  but  involves  a  thorough  moistening  of 
the  soil,  perhaps  but  three  or  four  times  during  the  growing 

11 


DEVELOPMENT  OF  AN   IRRIGATED   FARM 


The  arrival  of  the  Settler. 


II 


Clearing  off  Sage  Brush. 


season,  according  to  the  character  of  the  crops,  and  then  requir- 
ing the  water  to  be  "turned  on,"  but  for  twelve  or  twenty-four 
hours  at  a  time. 

Irrigation  is  not  a  modern  art;  its  successful 
Irrigation  history  dates  back  to  the  most  ancient  times. 
Ancient.  Ample  evidences  are  found  through  the  oldest 

historians,  of  its  practice  on  a  large  scale  by  the 
Egyptians,  from  the  days  of  the  Pharaohs,  by  the  Assyrians, 
Babylonians  and  Persians,  and  by  the  ancient  Chinese.  .  The  en- 
gineering feats,  apparent  in  the  cataracts  of  the  Nile,  conclu- 
sively indicate  their  object  for  irrigation  and  navigation,  while 
India  possesses  canals  and  aqueducts,  still  wonders  of  engin- 
eering skill. 

That  the  wonderful  results  of  Irrigation  were  in  ancient 
times  relatively  what  they  are  today,  may  be  inferred  from  the 
attitude  of  Herodotus,  the  Greek  historian,  who,  after  returning 
from  his  trip  to  Egypt  about  450  B.  C.,  withheld  the  whole 
truth  concerning  the  immense  crops  he  found  there,  fearing  to 
risk  his  discredit  in  the  eyes  of  his  countrymen. 

It  is  also  interesting  to  note  that  laws,  written  centuries 
Ancient  before  the  time  of  Moses,  carefully  treated  the  various 
Laws.  details  of  Irrigation.  Mr.  J.  Warner  Mills,  in  his 

"Irrigation  Manual,"  quotes  one  of  these  laws  as  fol- 
lows: "Any  one  failing  to  keep  his  irrigating  dam  in  repair, 
and  through  his  neglect  and  laziness,  a  break  occurs  in  the 
dam,  and  his  neighbors'  lands  are  flooded  by  the  overflow  of 
the  water  therefrom,  he  shall  compensate  the  owner  of  the 
damaged  land  for  his  loss  of  grain  or  other  property  occasioned 
by  the  overflow. ' ' 

In  later  years,   but  still  within  the  early  history  of  the 
Roman  Empire,  Irrigation  laws  had  their  liberal  consideration. 
The  Incas  of  South  America  have  contributed 
Irrigation  many  evidences  of  their  knowledge  of  the  art,  and 

on  the  the  traces  of  long  since  ruined  works  in  Cen- 

Western  Con-  tral  America,  Mexico  and  even  in  Arizona, 
tinent.  show  its  elaborate  development,  by  a  prehis- 

toric people  on  this  continent  before,  in  more 
modern  times,  the  establishment  of  the  Jesuit  missions  in  Cali- 
fornia, a  century  back,  resurrected  the  utilization  of  the  old 
canals  and  reservoirs  constructed  by  the  early  Indians. 

13 


Ill 


Same  land  cleared  of  Sage  Brush. 


IV 
Same  land  four  months  later. 


Some  " Irrigation"  Legal  Features. 

The  enactment  of  National  Irrigation  law  has  its  founda- 
tion in  a  combination  of  the  laws  relating  to  water,  and  the 
laws  relating  to  land;  the  working  of  the  water  laws  of  the 
several  States  being  responsible  for  the  provisions  embodied  in 
the  former,  and  the  latter  comprising  a  development  of  the 
several  Federal  laws  governing  the  settlement  of  public  lands. 

To  follow  the  development  of  laws  pertaining  to 
Development  water — those  relating  to  riparian  rights,  appro- 
of  priations,  priority,  and  the  general  adjudication 

Irrigation  of  water  rights, — would  be  a  long  story.  It  is 

Laws.  sufficient  to  mention,  that  as  a  general  principle, 

in  all  of  the  arid  states,  the  doctrine  of  appro- 
priation prevails,  as  against  the  common  law  doctrine  of  riparian 
rights,  and  that,  because  of  its  necessity,  "water  in  the  various 
streams  thus  acquires  a  value  unknown  in  moister  climates. 
Instead  of  being  a  mere  incident  to  the  soil,  it  rises,  when 
appropriated,  to  the  dignity  of  a  distinct  usufructuary  estate  or 
right  of  property. " 

To  quote  from  the  report  of  the  State  Engineer 
Water  appur-  of  Idaho,  "throughout  a  very  large  proportion 
tenant  to  the  of  our  state,  land  titles  would  mean  absolutely 
land  in  arid  nothing  in  the  absence  of  water  titles,  and 
states.  water  titles  are  of  little  force  and  validity,  unless 

the  state,  through  its  duly  authorized  officers, 
sees  to  it  that  these  titles  are  made  forceful  and  valid. ' ' 

The  constitution  of  the  State  of  Idaho  specifically  denies 
the  private  ownership  of  water,  and  dedicates  it  to  the  public 
use,  under  laws  and  regulations  governing  its  appropriation. 

The  Desert  Land  Act  and  the  Homestead  Law  mark  stages 
of  development,  leading  to  the  Federal  statute  known  as  the 
"Reclamation  Act,"  (under  which  arid  lands  are  reclaimed  by 
the  Government,)  and  the  "Carey  Act,"  which  has  made  possible 
the  reclamation  of  large  tracts,  through  the  employment  of 
individual  and  corporate  capital . 

15 


The  Desert  Land  Act,  passed  in  1877,  provides 
Desert  Land  that  any  citizen  of  the  United  States,  by  paying 
Act.  25  cents  per  acre,  may  file  on  desert  land  in 

certain  states  and  territories,  not  exceeding 
640  acres,  and  having  reclaimed  the  land  filed  upon,  within  three 
years,  upon  the  additional  payment  of  $1.00  per  acre  a  patent 
for  the  land  shall  be  issued  to  him.  The  Act  was  amended  in 
1891,  requiring  plans  to  be  filed  at  the  time  of  application,  the 
expenditure  of  not  less  than  $1.00  per  acre  annually  on  irri- 
gation, etc.,  for  three  consecutive  years,  and  the  actual  culti- 
vation of  one-eighth  of  the  acreage,  or  the  expenditure  of  not 
less  than  $1.00  per  acre  annually  for  four  consecutive  years  on 
irrigating,  etc.,  before  a  patent  shall  issue.  Failure  to  make  the 
expenditures  as  stipulated,  renders  the  entry  subject  to  can- 
cellation and  forfeiture  of  all  rights.  The  amendment  also 
limits  the  holdings  of  any  one  individual  to  320  acres.  Under 
the  provisions  of  this  Act,  however,  two  or  more  persons  may 
associate  themselves  together  and  jointly  improve  the  land. 

The  Homestead  Law  enacted  in  1872,  provides  that  any 
citizen,  not  owning  over  160  acres  in  any  state  or  territory, 
may  enter  upon,  settle,  and  acquire  title  to  not  exceeding 
160  acres  of  public  land,  by  establishing  and  maintaining 
residence  thereon,  "and  improving  and  cultivating  the  land  for 

the  continuous  period  of  five  years.  This  law 
Homestead  amended  provides  that,  upon  fourteen  months 
Law.  fulfillment  of  the  conditions,  a  patent  may  issue 

upon  payment  of  $1.25  per  acre.  This  amend- 
ment is  referred  to  as  the  "commutation"  feature  of  the  Act. 

The  Reclamation  Law,  under  which  the  Govern- 
Reclamation  ment  is  now  operating,  in  the  reclamation  of 
Law.  arid  lands,  was  passed  in  1902.  Provision  was 

made  for  the  examination,  survey  and  construc- 
tion of  irrigation  works,  required  to  reclaim  public  lands,  and 
for  this  purpose  there  were  appropriated  the  receipts  from  the 
sale  and  disposal  of  public  land  in  sixteen  states  and  territories 
of  the  arid  region.  These'  receipts  constitute  what  is  known  as 
the  "Reclamation  Fund."  The  Act  provides  for  the  entry  of 
the  lands  reclaimed,  in  accordance  with  the  provisions  of  the 

16 


"Homestead  Law,"  which  is  modified  in  certain  important 
particulars — among  them  the  following:  The  entryman  must 
repay,  in  annual  installments,  to  the  Reclamation  Fund,  the 
cost  of  constructing  the  works  necessary  to  reclaim  the  land  he 
has  taken ;  the  time  of  residence  cannot  be  commuted,  as  by  the 
amendment  to  that  law,  involving  therefore,  residence  on  the  land 
for  the  entire  five  years,  as  well  as  an  additional  requirement 
that  one-half  of  the  land  must  be  cultivated.  The  area  of  the 
entry  is  also  limited  to  an  amount  not  less  than  forty  nor  more 
than  160  acres  at  the  discretion  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior. 
Upon  the  payment  for  the  major  portion  of  the  lands  irrigated, 
the  management  and  operation  of  the  works  shall  pass  to  the 
owners  of  the  lands  irrigated  thereby,  under  certain  further  pro- 
visions of  the  Government.  Failure  on  the  part  of  the  entryman 
under  this  Act,  to  make  any  two  consecutive  payments  when 
due,  shall  render  the  entry  subject  to  cancellation  with  the  for- 
feiture of  all  rights  under  this  Act,  as  well  as  any  moneys  paid 
thereon. 


Wheat  yields  as  high  as  84^  bushels  per  acre. 


17 


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(5 


The  Carey  Act. 


By  far  the  ablest  Irrigation  legislation,  and  that  most  far- 
reaching  in  its  effects,  calculated,  at  the  same  time  to  encour- 
age the  investment  of  private  capital,  by  securing   its  repay- 
ment, after  providing  for  a  liberal  compensa- 
Carey  Act  tion,  and  to  attract  settlers,  through  afford- 

Comprehensive       ing  them  full   protection   against   pernicious 
and  Just.  speculative,  or  ineffectual  "schemes,"  and  by 

vesting  them,  eventually,  with  the  proprietor- 
ship of  the  Irrigation  system,  upon  payment  therefor  at  a  fair 
value  on  easy  terms,  is  the  Federal  Statute,  known  as  the 
"Carey  Act." 

This  Act,  for  which  Senator -Carey  of  Wyoming  was  sponsor, 
originally  passed  in  1894,  and  twice  amended,  stands  today  the 
culmination  of  laws,  evolved  after  an  experience  of  forty  years, 
under  whose  just  and  comprehensive  provisions,  the  reclamation 
of  all  the  remaining  irrigable  lands  bids  fair  to  be  secured,  as 
soon  as  capital  shall  receive  the  proper  presentation  and  the 
progressive  farmer  the  word. 

This  legislation  was  enacted  by  Congress, 
Reasons  for  through  its  realization  of  the  enormous 

the  "Carey  Act."  wealth,  hidden  in  the  agricultural  resources 

of  the  Public  Lands — barren  wastes  of 
arid  tracts,  though  they  might  appear.  The  work  of  reclama- 
tion, under  the  then  existing  laws,  was  too  gigantic  for  individ- 
ual or  corporate  capital,  and  attended  with  too  great  risk  to 
warrant  its  hazard,  and  irrigation,  on  alarge  scale,  was  as  yet  too 
much  in  its  infancy,  to  warrant  the  vast  necessary  expenditures 
by  the  Government.  Rather  than  delay  development,  how- 
ever, the  plan  was  conceived  for  the  Government  to  assist  in 
this  work,  by  donating  1,000,000  acres  of  Public  Lands  in  each 
of  the  arid  states,  to  the  states  themselves,  in  consideration  of 
the  irrigation  and  settlement  of  not  less  than  20  acres  in  each  160 
reclaimed,  whether  at  the  hands  of  the  respective  common- 
wealth, or  through  contract  with  private  corporations. 

19 


The  act  in  detail  works  out  as  follows: 

Workings  of  the       A  certain  tract  of  Government  land  having 
"Carey  Act."  been  determined  upon  as  suitable  for  reclama- 

tion, the  corporation  desiring  to  construct  irri- 
gation works  thereon,  for  the  purpose  of  reclaiming  the  land 
under  the  act,  files  with  the  State  Board  of  Land  Commission- 
ers its  application,  together  with  its  proposal  for  constructing 
the  works.  This  application  must  be  accompanied  with  a  de- 
tailed plan,  covering  the  proposed  works,  including  an  estimate 
of  the  cost  of  construction,  and  showing  the  source  of  the  water 
supply,  and  that  filings  for  the  water  appropriation  have  been 
made,  also  the  terms  per  acre  at  which  the  perpetual  water 
rights  will  be  sold  to  settlers.  These  plans  must  be  approved 
by  the  State  Board  of  Land  Commissioners,  and  the  water  supply 
must  be  thoroughly  examined  and  reported  on  by  the  State 
Engineer.  The  State  then  makes  application,  to  the  Secretary 
of  the  Interior,  for  a  segregation  of  the  lands  embraced  in  the 
application,  submitting  the  exact  plans  for  the  proposed  system, 
and  if  after  due  consideration,  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior 
complies  with  the  request,  the  State  Board  enters  into  a  contract 
with  the  corporation,  covering  the  specifications,  as  set  forth 
in  the  application,  the  corporation  giving  an  adequate  bond  for 
the  faithful  performance  of  their  part  of  the  contract,  and  the 
work  proceeding  under  the  direct  supervision  of  the  State 
Engineer. 

These  safeguards  as  to  the  feasibility  and  effectiveness  of 
the  project,  innure  to  the  benefit  of  both  the  investor  and  the 
settler,  preventing  ill-advised  undertakings  on  the  part  of  the 
former,  and  affording  the  latter  protection  in  the  character  and 
quality  of  the  works,  and  in  fixing  a  fair  valuation  to  the  cost 
of  the  individual  water  rights 

Under  authorization  of  the  United  States  Government, 
and  upon  the  segregation  of  the  lands  to  be  irrigated,  the  state 
creates  a  first  and  prior  lien  in  favor  of  the  corporation,  under 
which  none  of  the  land  may  be  sold,  until  the  purchaser  has 
acquired  from  the  corporation,  at  the  stipulated  price,  cor- 
responding water  rights,  or  shares  in  the  carrying  capacity  of 
the  canals,  sufficient  to  deliver  the  water  required  for  the  irri- 
gation of  his  land.  These  water  rights  are  purchased  on  terms 

20 


of  a  certain  amount  in  cash  down,  and  the  balance  in  deferred 
payments,  the  settler  giving  his  promissory  notes  therefor, 
secured  by  a  first  lien  on  the  land  until  finally  paid,  these  repre- 
senting virtually  purchase  money  mortgages.  Patents  from 
the  State  may  only  be  issued  when  the  settler  shall  have  actually 
settled  the  land,  and  cultivated  at  least  one-eighth  of  the  acre- 
age. The  settlement  must  be  accomplished  within  six  months, 
and  the  cultivation  completed  within  two  years,  after  the  water 
has  been  made  available  for  irrigation.  The  land  also  may  be 
sold  only  in  divisions  of  not  less  than  40  nor  more  than  160  acres. 

The  strong  security  to  the  corporation  for  the  return  of  its 
investment,  will  be  noted  in  the  above,  since  a  first  lien  is  created 
on  all  of  the  lands,  which  must  be  immediately  cultivated  and 
settled  by  a  large  body  of  individuals,  thus  dividing  the  re- 
sponsibility for  prompt  payments  and  assuring  an  increased 
valuation  to  the  land,  such  as  naturally  attaches  to  the  lands 
of  a  settled  community. 

Through  these  provisions  also,  the  speculative  holdings  of 
large  tracts  of  land  is  prevented,  and  bona  fide  owners  are  ob- 
tained, each  directly  interested  in  the  development  of  the  land. 

A  further  feature  of  the  "Carey  Act"  vests  the  proprietor- 
ship of  the  irrigation  works  in  the  settlers,  upon  payment  there- 
for to  the  corporation,  who  will  have  then  received  back  the 
original  investment,  and  the  profit,  as  contemplated  in  the  orig- 
inal application.  The  terms  of  transfer  are  usually  stipulated 
in  the  contract  between  the  State  and  the  Corporation. 

It  is  hard  to  conceive  how  a  more  comprehensive  law  could 
have  been  framed,  just  alike  to  the  capitalist  and  to  the  settler, 
nor  a  plan  more  calculated  to  effect  the  results  contemplated 
for  it. 

The  following  extract  from  the  Rules  and  Regu- 
Text  of  the          lations  of  the  State  Board  of  Land  Commissio  tiers 
"Carey  Act."      of    the  State  of  Idaho,  sets  forth  in  full  the 
"Carey  Act,"  and  its  several  amendments. 

"Section  4  of  the  Act  of  Congress,  approved  August  18, 1894, 
entitled,  "An  Act  Making  Appropriations  for  Sundry  Civil 
Expenses  of  the  Government  for  the  Fiscal  Year  ending  June 
30,  1895,  and  for  Other  Purposes,"  (28  Stat.  372-422)  authorizes 


THE    GREAT    DAM    AT   MILNER,  IDAHO 


The  gates  extend  530  feet  along 
the  crest  of  the  dam  whose  total 
length  is  2000  feet. 


the  Secretary  of  the  Interior,  with  the  approval  of  the  Presi- 
dent, to  contract  and  agree  to  patent  to  the  states  of  Washing- 
ton, Oregon,  California,  Nevada,  Idaho,  Montana,  Wyoming, 
Colorado,  North  Dakota,  South  Dakota  and  Utah,  or  any  other 
states,  as  provided  in  the  act,  in  which  may  be  found  desert 
lands,  not  to  exceed  1,000,000  acres  of  such  lands  to  each  state, 
under  certain  conditions. 

The  text  of  the  act  is  as  follows : 

"That  to  aid  the  public  land  states  in  the  reclamation  of  the  desert  lands  therein 
and  the  settlement,  cultivation  and  sale  thereof,  in  small  tracts  to  actual  settlers, 
the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  with  the  approval  of  the  President,  be,  and  hereby  is, 
authorized  and  empowered,  upon  proper  application  of  the  state,  to  contract  and 
agree,  and  from  time  to  time  in  each  of  the  states  in  which  there  may  be  situated 
desert  lands,  as  defined  by  the  act  entitled  'An  Act  to  Provide  for  the  Sale  of  Desert 
Land  in  Certain  States  and  Territpries'  approved  March  third,  eighteen  hundred  and 
seventy-seven,  and  the  act  amendatory  thereof,  approved  March  third ,  eighteen  hundred 
and  ninety-one,  binding  the  United  States  to  donate,  grant  and  patent  to  the  state 
free  of  cost  for  survey  or  price  such  desert  lands  not  exceeding  one  million  acres  in 
each  state,  as  the  state  may  cause  to  be  irrigated,  reclaimed,  occupied,  and  not  less 
than  twenty  acres  of  each  one  hundred  and  sixty  acre  tracts  cultivated  by  actual  set- 
tlers, within  ten  years  next  after  the  passage  of  this  act,  as  thoroughly  as  is  required 
of  citizens  who  may  enter  under  the  desert  land  law. 

"Before  the  application  of  any  state  is  allowed,  or  any  contracts  or  agreement 
is  executed,  or  any  segregation  of  any  of  the  land  is  ordered  by  the  Secretary  of  the 
Interior,  the  state  shall  file  a  map  of  the  said  land  proposed  to  be  irrigated  which  shall 
exhibit  a  plan  showing  the  mode  of  the  contemplated  irrigation  and  which  plan  shall 
be  sufficient  to  thoroughly  irrigate  and  reclaim  said  land  and  prepare  it  to  raise  ordinary 
agricultural  crops,  and  Shall  also  show  the  source  of  the  water  to  be  used  for  irrigation 
and  reclamation,  and  .the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  may  make  necessary  regulations 
for  the  reservation  of  the  lands  applied  for  by  the  states  to  date  from  the  date  of  the 
filing  of  the  map  and  plan  of  irrigation,  but  such  reservation  shall  be  of  no  force  what- 
ever if  such  map  and  plan  of  irrigation  shall  not  be  approved.  That  any  state  con- 
tracting under  this  section  is  hereby  authorized  to  make  all  necessary  contracts  to 
cause  the  said  lands  to  be  reclaimed,  and  to  induce  their  settlement  and  cultivation 
in  accordance  with  and  subject  to  the  provisions  of  this  section;  but  the  states  shall 
not  be  authorized  to  lease  any  of  said  lands  or  to  use  or  dispose  of  the  same  in  any 
way  whatever,  except  to  secure  their  reclamation,  cultivation  and  settlement. 

"As  fast  as  any  state  may  furnish  satisfactory  proof  according  to  such  rules  and 
regulations  as  may  be  prescribed  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior,  that  any  of  said 
lands  are  irrigated,  reclaimed  and  occupied  by  actual  settlers,  patents  shall  be  issued 
to  the  state  or  its  assigns  for  said  lands  so  reclaimed  and  settled:  Provided,  that  said 
states  shall  not  sell  or  dispose  of  more  than  one  hundred  and  sixty  acres  of  said  lands 
to  any  one  person,  and  any  surplus  of  money  derived  by  any  state  from  the  sale  of 
such  lands  in  excess  of  the  cost  of  their  reclamation,  shall  be  held  as  a  trust  fund  for 
and  be  applied  to  the  reclamation  of  other  desert  lands  in  such  state.  That  to  enable 
the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  to  examine  any  of  the  lands  that  may  be  selected  under 
the  provisions  of  this  section,  there  is  hereby  appropriated  out  of  any  moneys  in  the 
treasury,  not  otherwise  appropriated,  one  thousand  dollars/' 

In  the  act  making  appropriations  for  sundry  civil  expenses 
of  the  government  for  the  fiscal  year  ending  June  30,  1897,  and 

24 


for  other  purposes  approved  June  11,  1896,  there  is,  under  the 
head  of  appropriation  for  ''surveying  public  lands,"  the  follow- 
ing provisions: 

"That  under  any  law  heretofore  or  hereafter  enacted  by  any  state,  providing 
for  the  reclamation  of  arid  lands,  in  pursuance  and  acceptance  of  the  terms  of  the 
grant  made  in  section  four  of  an  act  entitled,  'An  Act  Making  Appropriations  for  the 
Sundry  Civil  Expenses  of  the  Government  for  the  Fiscal  Year  Ending  June  Thirtieth, 
Eighteen  Hundred  and  Ninety-five,'  approved  August  eighteenth,  eighteen  hundred 
and  ninety-four,  a  lien  or  liens  is  hereby  authorized  to  be  created  by  the  state  to 
which  lands  are  granted  and  by  no  other  authority  whatever,  and  when  created  shall 
be  valid  on  and  against  the  separate  legal  subdivisions  of  land  reclaimed  for  the  actual 
cost  and  necessary  expenses  of  reclamation  and  reasonable  interest  thereon  from  the 
date  of  reclamation  until  disposed  of  to  actual  settlers ;  and  when  an  ample  supply  of 
water  is  actually  furnished  in  a  substantial  ditch  or  canal,  or  by  artesian  wells  or  reser- 
voirs, to  reclaim  a  particular  tract  or  tracts  of  such  lands,  then  patent  shall  issue  for 
the  same  to  such  state  without  regard  to  settlement  or  cultivation:  Provided,  that 
in  no  event,  in  no  contingency  and  under  no  circumstances  shall  the  United  States  be 
in  any  manner  directly  or  indirectly  liable  for  any  amount  of  any  such  lien  for  liability 
in  whole  or  in  part." 

The  limitation  of  time  in  the  above  quoted  section  4  was 
modified  by  section  3  of  the  Act  entitled  "An  Act  Making  Ap- 
propriations for  Sundry  Civil  Expenses  of  the  Government  for 
the  Fiscal  Year  Ending  June  Thirtieth,  Nineteen  Hundred  and 
Two,  and  for  Other  Purposes,"  approved  March  3,  1901  (31 
Stat.,  1133-1188)  which  provides  as  follows: 

"Sec.  3. — That  section  4  of  the  act  of  August  eighteenth,  eighteen  hundred  and 
ninety- four,  entitled,  'An  Act  Making  Appropriations  for  Sundry  Civil  Expenses  of 
the  Government  for  the  Fiscal  Year  ending  June  Thirtieth,  1885,  and  for  other  pur- 
poses,' is  hereby  amended  so  that  the  ten  years'  period  in  which  any  state  shall  cause 
the  lands  applied  for  under  said  act  to  be  irrigated  and  reclaimed,  as  provided  in  said 
section  as  amended  by  the  act  of  June  eleventh,  eighteen  hundred  and  ninety-six, 
shall  begin  to  run  from  the  date  of  approval  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  of  the 
state's  application  for  the  segregation  of  such  lands:  and  if  the  state  fails  within  the 
said  ten  years  to  cause  the  whole  or  any  part  of  the  lands  so  segregated  to  be  so  irri- 
gated and  reclaimed,  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  may.  in  his  discretion,  restore  such 
lands  to  the  public  domain." 


Fattened  on  Alfalfa  and  Field  Peas. 
25 


8.  S> 


J 
•2  -a 


"Development  of  Irrigation, 


The  modern  development  of  irrigation  in  the 
Primitive  United  States  has  its  foundation  in  the  grad- 
Irrigation  ual  absorption  of  the  public  lands  in  the 

humid  and  semi-arid  regions,  half  a  century  since. 
Then  it  was  that  the  pioneer  on  the  arid  lands,  locating  his 
ranch  near  some  source  of  water  supply,  with  his  own  appli- 
ances, began  to  construct  ditches  leading  from  the  mountain 
creeks,  and  by  them  irrigated  his  farm.  His  ingenuity  and  toil 
thus  enabled  him  to  secure  crops  on  the  lowlands  along  the 
rivers.  Those  who  followed  later  on,  found  the  lowlands  along 
the  small  streams,  preempted,  and  were  obliged  to  establish  their 
farms  at  greater  distances  from  the  streams,  involving  greater 
expense  in  conveying  the  necessary  water. 

This  led  to  the  combination  of  farmers  in  jointly 
Co-operative  constructing  main  canals  from  the  streams  and 
Ditch  Asso-  rivers,  and  subsequently  dividing  among  them- 
ciations.  selves  the  flow,  and  thus  came  into  being  the 

"co-operative  ditch  associations,"  and  later  the 
formation  of  "municipal  irrigation  districts." 

The  demand  for  irrigation  constantly  growing, 
Irrigating  with  the  salutary  results  in  evidence  ,  was  met  by  the 
Companies,  organization  of  companies  for  the  purpose  of 

building  ditches  and  reservoirs,  and  delivering 
water  to  users  through  rentals.  These  at  first  were  on  a  small 
scale.  As  questions  of  law  and  equity  arose  and  legislation  was 
enacted,  recognizing  certain  rights  or  establishing  precedent, 
capital  was  encouraged  by  the  gradually  increasing  protection 
afforded  it,  until  such  safeguards  have  since  been  established, 
that  there  are  now  in  operation,  large  enterprises  of  private  cor- 
porations, operating  under  the  strong  provisions  of  the  Carey 
Act,  and  works  of  the  Government,  fostered  under  the  Reclama- 
tion Act,  which  are  gigantic  in  their  engineering  undertakings, 
and  which  involve  the  expenditure  of  millions  of  dollars  in  a 
single  project. 

27 


It   has   been   estimated   that   approximately 
Government  10,000,000  acres  of  arid  land  have  already 

interest  in  been  reclaimed,  for  the  most  part  through 

Reclamation.  private  and  corporate  enterprises.  The  Gov- 
ernment, however,  has,  in  later  years,  become 
alive  to  the  enormous  benefits  which  accrue  to  the  Nat  ion,  through 
the  development  of  its  agricultural  resources,  and  has  appropri- 
ated over  $30,000,000,  which  is  being  expended  in  reclamation 
projects  already  under  way,  and  is  preparing  to  expend  as  much 
again  in  this  most  profitable  investment.  And  well  it  may, 
for, according  toC.  J.  Blanchard,  Esq.,  Statistician  of  the  Govern- 
ment Reclamation  Service,  the  3,198,000  acres  already  re- 
claimed, or  in  process  of  reclamation,  together  with  the  3,270,000 
acres  additional  now  contemplated,  will  add  forthwith  over 
$200,000,000  to  the  taxable  property  of  the  people  of  the  United 
States,  and  will  provide  substantial  homesteads  and  gainful 
occupations  for  80,000  families.  Nor  does  this  take  into 
consideration  enhancements  in  land  values  and  in  population, 
through  the  subsequent  development  of  the  several  areas  re- 
claimed, but  is  estimated  on  values  at  the  time  of  the  completion 
of  the  several  works. 

It  is  well  recognized  that  lands  in  completed 
Values  of  Irri-  irrigated  districts  rapidly  enhance  in  values, 
gated  Land.  as  development  proceeds.  It  is  hard  indeed 
to  find  improved  land  selling  for  less  than 
$50.00  per  acre,  and  orchard  land  may  bring  as  high  as  $2,000 
per  acre,  as  it  has  in  California.  In  Eastern  Washington,  in 
the  lower  Yakima  Valley,  improved  land,  suitable  for  small 
fruits,  is  selling  at  prices  reaching  $1,000  per  acre,  and  at  Lewis- 
ton,  Idaho,  where  cherries  are  very  successfully  grown,  land  has 
sold  as  high  as  $1,500  per  acre.  On  the  recently  developed 
Twin  Falls  Tract  in  Southern  Idaho,  agricultural  land  has 
brought  as  high  as  $300  per  acre,  and  in  small  tracts  as  high  as 
$600  per  acre. 

A  step  further  will  include  the  valuations  of  all  the  col- 
lateral development  associated  with  the  settlement  of  the 
desert — the  steam  railroads  and  electric  lines,  so  essential  for 
transportation,  the  telegraph  and  telephone  system 

29 


THE  HARNESSING  OF  THE   MANY   NATURAL 
WATER-POWERS. 


Power  House  of  the  Great  Shoshone  and 
Twin  Falls  Water  Power  Company. 


Salmon  Falls  of  the  Snake  River. 


industrial  necessities  with  their  demand  for  power,  which  will 
involve  the  harnessing  of  the  many  natural  water  powers  to  be 
found  scattered  through  the  arid  regions.  All  these  enterprises 
will  require  the  employment  of  thousands  of  skilled  and  un- 
skilled laborers,  who,  with  their  dependent  families,  will  naturally 
add  to  the  home  market  demand  for  the  products  of  the  irrigated 
farms. 

And  so  the  $200,000,000  already  referred  to  may  be  more 
properly  said  to  represent  a  future  addition  of  $1,000,000,000 
to  the  taxable  property  of  the  Nation. 

Among  the  more  notable  of  the  Govern- 
Some  Govern-  ment  projects,  which  appear  in  the  last  re- 
ment  Reclamation  port  of  the  Reclamation  Service,  may  be 
Projects.  mentioned, 

The     Salt     River    Valley    project    near 

Phoenix,  Arizona,  with  an  irrigable  area  of  270,000  acres  and 
involving  the  construction  of  the  mammoth  Roosevelt  Dam, 
with  a  capacity  of  1,300,000  acre  feet,  this  being  the  largest 
dam  in  the  world.  The  allotment  from  the  Reclamation  fund, 
for  this  project,  arrounts  to  $4,539,161,  half  of  which  has 
already  been  expended; 

The  Yuma  project  in  California,  now  well  under  construc- 
tion, with  an  irrigable  area  of  92,000  acres; 

The  North  Platte  project  of  Nebraska- Wyoming,  with  the 
Pathfinder  reservoir,  having  a  capacity  of  1,000,000  acre  feet; 
$3,300,000  has  already  been  allotted  to  this  project; 

The  Truckee-Carson  project  in  Nevada,  with  the  irrigable 
area  of  the  first  unit  200,000  acres,  and  for  which  $3,700,000  has 
been  allotted; 

The  Shoshone  project  in  Big  Horn  County,  Wyoming,  with 
an  irrigable  area  of  125,000  acres; 

The  Klamath  project  in  Oregon  to  irrigate  236,000  acres; 

The  Payette-Boise  project  of  Idaho,  having  an  irrigable 
area  of  372,000  acres,  the  first  division  of  which  is  soon  to  be 
completed,  and 

The  Minidoka,  Idaho,  project  recently  completed  in 
the  Snake  River  Valley,  and  having  an  irrigable  area  of 
130,000  to  150,000  acres.  In  this  project  water  is  carried 


at  the  present  time  to  about  80,000  acres  by  gravity,  and  will  be 
pumped  on  the  balance  at  some  future  time. 

These  projects,  though  only  part  of  the  Government's  present 
undertakings,  will  serve  to  give  some  idea  of  the  scope  of  the 
Government's  interest. 

To  sum  up  briefly,  the  Reclamation  Service,  which  was 
organized  the  same  month  as  the  Panama  Canal  Commission, 
has  dug  1,815  miles  of  canals,  or  nearly  the  distance  from 
New  York  to  Denver.  Up  to  January,  1908,  it  has  excavated 
40,000,000  cubic  yards  of  earth  and  rock,  or  one-third  the  total 
excavation  required  for  the  Panama  Canal.  It  has  erected  214 
large  structures,  built  611  miles  of  wagon  road  in  mountains 
and  heretofore  inaccessible  regions,  excavated  10  miles  of 
tunnels  and  has  surveyed  and  mapped  an  area  larger  than  the 
combined  area  of  Massachusetts  and  Rhode  Island. 

Under  the  provisions  of  the  Carey  Act  over 
Extent  of  2,000,000  acres  have  already  been  segregated,  in- 
Carey  Act  volving  an  expenditure  of  over  $20,000,000.  Idaho 
Projects.  alone  has  now  exhausted  her  1,000,000  acres  do- 
nation, followed,  however,  closely  by  Wyoming, 
in  which  between  700,000  and  800,000  acres  have  been  segre- 
gated, while  Montana  with  400,000  acres,  Oregon,  and  Colorado 
are  the  only  other  states,  where  any  considerable  progress 
has  been  made. 

Among  the  private  irrigation  projects  operating 
The  Twin  Falls  under  the  Carey  Act,  the  Twin  Falls  develop- 
Pro  ject.  ment  on  the  Snake  River,  in  Southern 
Idaho,  stands  out  conspicuously,  as  the  largest 
and  most  successful  irrigation  project  of  any  kind  in  the  United 
States.  In  combination,  the  development  of  the  south  and 
north  sides  of  the  river,  represents  a  segregation  of  425,000  acres, 
over  half  of  which  acreage  is  already  settled,  and  over  three- 
fourths  of  which  has  already  been  sold. 

As  the  Twin  Falls  project  is  so  noteworthy,  and  as  the  Twin 
Falls  North  Side  is  practically  a  continuation  of  the  project  on 
the  South  Side  of  the  Snake  River,  and  is  of  especial  interest  to 
the  reader  of  this  booklet,  the  development  will  be  treated  in 
detail  as  an  example  of  what  may  be  accomplished  by  "Irrigation  ' 

33 


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The  Largest  and  Most  Successful  Irrigation  Pro- 
ject in  the  United  States-  -The 
Twin  Falls  Tract. 

The  year  1903  dawned  in  Southern  Idaho,  ''Land  of  Sun- 
shine"— where  that  writhing  and  winding  river,  aptly  named 
the  Snake,  hisses  through  its  canyon,  walled  with  massive  sides 
of  rugged  lava  rock,  to  see  stretched  out  for  miles  on  either 
side,  vast  wastes  of  treeless  desert  plains,  bristling  with  the 
bushy  sage,  and  shunned  by  man  and  beast. 

The  year  passed  by,  and  then  appeared  the  tented  camps 
of  a  busy  swarm,  with  transit  and  chain,  or  drill  and  shovel, 
preparing  the  way  for  the  marvelous  transformation  scene  so 
soon  to  follow.  Then,  too  a  house,  or  rather  bungalow  was  built, 
and  with  it  swaths  of  sage  brush  cleared — the  nucleus  of  a 
future  city — center  of  a  thriving  land. 

In  1904  prospective  settlers  came  from  north,  and  south, 
and  east,  and  west,  and  viewed  the  land,  selecting  here  and  there 
their  future  homes. 

And  now  another  year  had  passed,  the  spring  of  1905  had 
come,  when,  at  the  Milner  Dam,  the  mighty  heart  of  all  the  re- 
gion around,  the  gates  shut  down,  the  water  rose  and  filled  the 
dam,  and  then  began  to  back,  and  then  to  spill.  And  soon  were 
slowly  opened  other  gates,  and  from  them  spurted  streams, 
which,  coursing  through  canal  and  ditch,  two  hundred  miles  of 
arteries  and  veins  of  that  vast  desert  waste,  brought  vigor  to  the 
languid  soil.  And  then  it  was  that,  with  the  water's  rush,  extend- 
ing out  to  all  extremes,  the  pulse  of  that  great  sleeping  tract 
began  to  beat,  the  stupor  now  forever  gone.  The  sallow  sage 
brush  scale  peeled  off,  and  in  its  stead  the  green  alfalfa  grew, 
or  maybe  fields  of  wheat,  or  corn,  or  oats  now  pushing  out  their 
shooting  blades,  or  later  radiant  with  their  golden  grains.  And 
everywhere  sprang  signs  of  life.  The  spell  was  off,  and  in  the 
place  of  that  long  dormant  waste,  arose  a  strong  and  healthy 
fertile  land. 

Such  then  is  the  chronicle  of  events,  transforming  the  largest 
single  tract  of  desert  waste,  so  far  attempted,  into  farms,  prolific 
with  luxtiriant  crops  and  fruits. 

35 


The  entire  city  of  Twin  Falls,  Aug.   i,  1904,  and  Main  Street,  Twin  Falls,    1907, 


Hotel  Perrine,  Twin  Falls. 


The  daily  arrival  of  children  from  the  Twin  Falls  tract  at  the  Bickel  School  House. 


Since  then  ho:r.es  have  dotted  the  landscape  at  frequent 
intervals  all  over  the  tract,  to  house  the  2,500  settlers'  families, 
and  half  a  dozen  substantial  towns  have  been  established,  with 
populations  of  from  1,000  to  3,500.  The  County  Cassia  has 
been  divided,  and  the  town  of  Twin  Falls  is  the  county  seat  of 
the  new  Twin  Falls  County. 

All  manner  of  modern  conveniences  attach  to  this 
City  of  town,  including  an  excellent  water  supply,  sewage 

Twin  Falls  and  telephone  systems,  electric  light  and  power.  It 
boasts  of  several  hotels,  one  of  which,  erected  at  a 
cost  of  $100,000,  is  hard  to  find  equalled  in  any  other  town  of 
similar  size.  The  school  facilities  are  excellent,  and  in  keeping 
with  the  liberal  policy  of  the  State  of  Idaho,  jealously  guarding 
the  education  of  the  young.  There  are  three  banks  in  Twin  Falls, 
one  national  and  two  state,  with  deposits  of  over  $500,000.  Town 
lots,  25  x  125,  command  from  $1,500  to  $7,000.  Its  mercantile 
houses  do  it  credit,  and  manufactories  are  being  rapidly  estab- 
lished, with  the  recent  acquisition  of  electric  power,  and  as  fast 
as  the  supply  of  labor  can  be  depended  upon. 

Such  a  town  then  is  this,  three  years  old,  substantial  in  all 
its  elements,  and  yet  with  a  growth  only  consistent  with  actual 
demands,  far  removed  from  pernicious  speculative  "boom." 

Seventeen  miles  below  Twin  Falls,  on  the  western  edge 
Buhl,  of  the  tract,  is  the  town  of  Buhl,  at  the  present  time 
terminus  of  the  Minidoka  &  Southwestern  Railroad, 
which  runs  through  the  tract,  joining  the  Oregon  Short  Line  at 
Minidoka,  75  miles  above.  This  railroad  was  constructed  at 
a  cost  of  about  $1,000,000  simply  to  meet  the  demands  of  this 
tract,  and  it  is  said  to  be  today  the  second  best  paying  branch 
of  the  Oregon  Short  Line. 

At  Milner,  20  miles  east  of  Twin  Falls,  a  town  of 
Milner.  1200  at  the  present  writing,  and  where  the  great 
dam  is  located,  the  electric  line  now  building  from 
Gooding,  on  the  Oregon  Short  Line  to  the  southeast,  will  form 
a  junction  with  the  Minidoka  &  Southwestern.  The  devel- 
opment of  this  town  is  proceeding  on  industrial  lines.  Its  close 
proximity  to  hydro-electric  power,  its  railway  connections,  and 
its  river  navigation  (for  the  Snake  River  is  here  navigable  for 

37 


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some  thirty  miles  or  more)  assisting  in  locating  creameries, 
canning  factories,  sugar  beet  factories,  flour  and  alfalfa  mills, 
breweries,  cement  works,  packing  houses,  etc. 

The  source  of  the  power  referred  to  is  found 
Water  in  the  several  falls  of  the  Snake  River  canyon,  di- 
Power.  viding  the  two  tracts ;  these  are  the  Great  Shoshone 

Falls,  with  a  drop  of  210  feet  —  55  feet  higher  than 
Niagara  Falls ;  Twin  Falls,  Auger  Falls  and  Salmon  Falls,  indi- 
cating an  aggregate  possible  power  development  of  150,000  H.  P. 
A  still  greater  transformation  is  in  store  for  this  district  from 
the  industrial  development  of  these  falls.  Electric  power  is 
now  being  distributed  on  both  the  North  and  South  side  tracts, 
and  the  settler  can  enjoy  electric  light  in  his  home,  at  a  cost  of 
about  1  cent  per  hour  for  a  16  C.  P.  light.  Besides  their 
utilization,  these  Falls  are  magnificent  in  their  grandeur; 
visitors  come  to  marvel  from  all  countries  of  the  world, 
giving  this  very  district  a  world-wide  reputation.  Within  the 
60  miles  of  canyon,  dividing  the  two  tracts,  the  river's  drop  is 
1500  feet. 

But  the  main  factor  in  all  this  development,  the 
Richness  of  reasons  for  its  primary  undertaking,  its  present 
Soil.  prosperity,  and  its  bright  perspective,  is  not  to 

be  found  in  the  grandeur  of  its  scenery,  nor  in 
the  conveniences  of  the  towns,  nor  in  the  railroad  facilities,  nor 
even  in  the  great  power  advantages ;  the  secret  is  in  the  extra- 
ordinary richness  of  the  deep  lava  loam,  fertilized  by  the  water 
conveyed  to  it  by  the  net  work  of  canals  and  ditches,  extending 
over  hundreds  of  miles,  and  the  perfect  climate,  assisting  this 
fertilization  in  the  furtherance  of  the  growth  of  crops. 

Southern  Idaho  has  been  termed  the  "Land  of  Sun- 
Climate,  shine,"  and  so  it  is,  for  with  an  average  annual  rain- 
fall of  only  about  12  inches,  but  3  to  5  inches  of  which 
are  in  the  growing  season,  300  clear  days  may  be  counted  on 
throughout  the  year;  thus  affording  crops  a  wonderful  amount 
of  sunlight,  and  spoiling  no  harvests  by  rain.  The  temperature 
is  mild,  and  sensibility  to  extremes  is  lessened  by  the  dry  atmos- 
phere. The  thermometer  seldom  touches  zero  in  the  winter, 

39 


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Idaho 

Showing  course  of  the  Snake  River. 


nor  rises  above  100  degrees  in  the  summer.     Cyclones,  hot  winds 
and  devastating  storms  are  unknown  in  this  land. 

The  soil  is  a  "rich  volcanic  ash,  with  slight  admixture  of 
Soil.        sand,  which  renders  it  more  easily  irrigated  than  the 

heavier  clay  soils."      It  extends  to  great  depths,  and, 
bedded  with  lava  rock,  will  retain  its  moisture  a  long  time. 

The  land  of  the  North  Side  tract  has  somewhat 
Drainage.  of  an  advantage  over  that  of  the  South  Side,  in 
that  it  gradually  slopes  towards  the  south,  afford- 
ing excellent  drainage,  and  an  ideal  exposure  for  orchards  and 
growing  crops.  A  strata  of  excellent  water  is  also  found  from 
200  to  300  feet  under  the  North  Side  tract,  enabling  the 
settlers  at  all  times  to  secure,  by  wells,  the  purest  water  for 
their  homes. 

The  combination  of  climate,  soil  and  moisture  on 
Scientific  the  Twin  Falls  tracts  has  produced  results  in  the 
Farming.  production  of  crops,  truly  marvelous  and  calculated 
to  tax  credulity.  These  marvelous  results,  how- 
ever, are  made  ordinary  on  these  tracts  due  to  another  element 
injected  into  the  attending  conditions,  and  which  ably  supple- 
ments the  advantages  of  climate  and  soil.  It  is  that  of  "scien- 
tific farming." 

Mr.  Edward  T.  Barber,  editor  of  the  "Shoshone  (Idaho) 
Journal"  has  written  an  article  on  irrigation  farming  which 
affords  some  points  of  interest: 

"The  farmer  in  the  rain  belt  hears  of  the  phenomenal  crops  of  the  irri- 
gation farmer,  and  pronounces  the  stories  fakes  of  the  rankest  kind.  Occa- 
sionally he  gets  an  opportunity  to  actually  behold  some  of  the  wonderful 
returns  of  the  irrigation  farmer  and  then  he  is  filled  with  wonder  and  in- 
stinctively asks  "why?"  »*•».*  Soil  supplies  the  necessary  chemical 
elements  for  plant  life,  sunshine  supplies  the  mysterious  power  by  which 
these  elements  are  brought  in  place  in  the  plant,  and  water  is  the  vehicle 
which  dissolves  the  chemicals  and  conveys  them  to  the  organs  of  the  plant. 
The  irrigation  farmer,  by  controlling  his  water  supply,  is  master  of  the  three 
elements  under  consideration.  He  can  control  them  with  as  certain  results, 
as  can  the  master  of  a  factory  or  a  machine  shopman  his  materials,  into  a 
finished  product.  In  other  words  the  irrigation  farmer  is  a  manufacturer 
of  farm  products. 

In  the  rain  belt  every  rain  which  falls,  dissolves  and  carries  away  with 
its  excess  run-off  water  the  chemical  elements  in  the  soil  so  necessary  to 

41 


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plant  life.  *  *  *  In  a  desert  country  no  such  leaching  of  the  soil  c,iii 
take  place.  The  soil  of  the  desert  retains  all  of  its  original  chemical  ele- 
ments necessary  to  plant  life.  *  *  *  Another  condition  which  fre- 
quently injures  the  crop  of  the  rain  belt  farmer,  and  which  the  irrigation 
farmer  does  not  have  to  meet,  is  the  damage  to  a  growing  crop  from  a  hard 
rain,  coming  just  at  the  time  the  plant  is  in  the  critical  stage  of  blossom, 
so  as  to  wash  off  the  polen  and  blast  the  seed  pods  to  a  certain  extent. 

"The  very  conditions  which  are  necessary  to  bring  rain  to  the  rain  belt 
farmer,  of  necessity  shuts  off  his  sunshine.  In  Idaho  the  number  of  sun- 
shiny days  during  the  growing  season  is  perhaps  greater  than  in  any  other 
farming  community  on  earth.  Its  high  latitude  brings  some  sixteen  hours 
of  sunshine  each  day  during  the  height  of  the  growing  season,  and  a  cloudy 
day  is  a  rare  occurrence  at  that  time-. of  the  year.  The  peculiar  location 
of  Southern  Idaho  in  relation  to  the  mountains,  and  the  warm  currents 
of  the  Pacific,  give  her  an  added  advantage  in  the  matter  of  warm  atmos- 
phere to  her  long  days  of  sunshine. 

"The  key  to  the  great  advantage  of  irrigation  farming  over  rain  belt 
farming  lies  in  the  power  to  regulate  the  quantity  of  water  applied  and  the 
application  of  it  to  a  growing  crop  at  the  right  time.  The  rain  belt  farmer 
is  at  the  mercy  of  the  chance  rain  for  the  application  of  water  to  his  crops. 
*  *  *  *  Give  a  crop  of  oats  all  the  water  it  will  use  in  its  early  stages 
of  growth  and  it  fairly  runs  riot  in  its  wealth  of  straw.  It  grows,  entirely 
unmindful  of  its  duty  to  its  kind,  in  the  matter  of  self  perpetuation  by  rais- 
ing a  seed  head.  Give  it  all  the  soil,  sunshine  and  water  it  can  use,  and  it 
will  produce  little  but  straw.  The  irrigation  farmer  permits  his  oat  crop 
to  expend  its  energies  in  producing  straw,  to  a  certain  point ;  he  then  shuts 
off  the  supply  of  water,  and  the  plant's  instinct  warns  it  to  begin  to  throw 
out  a  seed  head.  When  the  head  is  fairly  started  the  irrigation  farmer  then 
feeds  the  plant  again,  and  stimulates  the  energies  of  the  plant  in  that  direc- 
tion to  its  utmost  capacity.  *  *  The  same  principal  applies  to  all  other 
crops  the  same  as  oats.  *  *  *  * 

The  new  settler  on  the  Twin  Falls  tracts  is  assisted  in 
Experimental  learning  the  best  methods  of  irrigating,  and  in  producing 
Farm.  satisfactory  crops,  through  the  establishment  of  an  experi- 

mental farm,  maintained  under  an  experienced  superin- 
tendent, Mr.  Alexander  McPherson,  for  fourteen  years  State  Horticul- 
turalist  of  Idaho.  Lectures  on  agriculture,  horticulture,  dairying,  etc., 
are  given  somewhere  on  the  tracts  nearly  every  night  in  the  week.  Ex- 
periences are  exchanged  and  discussions  engaged  in,  which  are  resulting 
in  the  adoption  of  farming  methods  all  over  the  tracts  calculated  to  pro- 
duce the  best  results  from  the  soil. 

Some  Following  is  a  letter  from  Mr.  McPherson,  dated  January  25th. 
yields.  1907,  quoted  in  part  as  follows: 

43 


:The  Reference  to  Winter  Apples  is  Worthy  of  Note. 

One  limb  of  an  apple  tree  on  the  Twin  Falls  tract. 


"The  past  two  years  has  amply  demonstrated  that  practically  all  crops  grown 
in  the  temperate  zone  can  be  raised  successfully  on  the  Twin  Falls  tract,  and  I  believe 
that  for  many  varieties,  there  is  no  section  in  the  northwest  where  the  crop  production 
can  be  equalled.  To  illustrate  this — last  year  some  of  our  wheats  produced  as  high 
as  84.5  bushels  per  acre,  oats  119  bushels  per  acre,  barley  84  bushels  per  acre,  corn 
94  bushels  per  acre,  potatoes  524  bushels  per  acre  and  sugar  beets  22  tons  per  acre, 
giving  19.7  per  cent,  sugar  on  raw  land,  while  melons,  including  the  Rocky  Ford 
Canteloupe,  were  the  most  productive  crop  that  I  ever  saw. 

Alfalfa  went  as  high  as  nine  tons  to  the  acre  the  second  year,  while  in  a  number 
of  instances  in  large  tracts,  the  average  was  seven  tons  to  the  acre  the  first  year's 
crop.  All  kinds  of  garden  vegetables,  including  celery,  were  the  finest  I  ever  saw 

The  orchards  that  have  been  set  out  are  making  a  very  fine  showing  and  won- 
drous growth.  Some  of  these  orchards,  from  actual  measurement,  grew  ten  to  fif- 
teen branches  from  four  to  six  feet  in  length.  I  believe  that  all  kinds  of  fruit  will  be 
grown  successfully  on  the  tract,  and  especially  do  I  think  that  this  will  be  a  country 
for  raising  winter  apples." 

The  reference  to  winter  apples  is  worthy  of  note,  inasmuch 
as  carload  after  carload  of  most  delicious  apples  were  shipped 
this  year  to  Chicago  and  the  East. 

"Besides  the  cereals,  grasses  and  vegetables  already  enumerated 
Other  others  may  be  mentioned  as  having  done  exceedingly  well  here: 
Crops.  Rye,  buckwheat,  clover,  timothy,  red-top,  orchard  grass,  hops, 

peaches,  pears,  prunes,  plums,  nectarines,  apricots,  Japanese 
plums,  quinces,  cherries,  grapes,  currants  and  all  small  fruits.  Straw- 
berries are  extremely  prolific,  and  their  season  lasts  from  the  middle  of 
May  to  the  middle  of  November.  Peanuts,  sweet  potatoes  and  tobacco 
have  also  grown  splendidly.  It  would  be  difficult  to  find  a  place  adapted 
to  a  wider  range  of  profitable  crops.  Wherever  the  Idaho  ''Italian"  prune 
has  come  into  competition  with  the  same  prune  of  any  other  section,  the 
Idaho  product  has  brought  from  $250.00  to  $300.00  per  car  more  than  any 
other  competitor. 

"One  of  the  demands  of  the  Rocky  Mountain  States  is  poultry 
Other  and  eggs.  There  never  has  been  enough  of  either  Bee-keeping 

Products,  is  profitably  carried  on  in  the  older  districts.  Alfalfa  yields  a 

delicious  white  honey,  for  which  there  is  an  abundant  market. 
Hogs  give  immense  profits  where  the  grower  raises  them  on  alfalfa.  Milk  and 
butter  are  in  constant  demand.  Butter  in  great  quantities  is  continually 
being  brought  from  other  states  to  supply  the  cities,  towns  and  mining 
camps  of  the  Northwest." 

On  the  Twin  Falls  North  Side  tract,  along  the 
A  World  bank  of  Snake  river,  is  the  famous  Blue  Lakes 

Famous  Fruit  Fruit  Farm — the  pioneer  farm  of  the  district. 
farm.  It  wras  here  that  Ira  B.  Perrine  years  ago  drove 

his  herds  of  sheep,  for  shelter  in  the  canyon. 
Impressed  with  its  beauty  and  natural  advantages,  he  quickly 

45 


"In  Idaho  are  quartered  4,000,000  sheep." 


Thousand  Springs  on  the  north  side  of  the  Snake  River. 


decided  to  make  the  canyon  his  permanent  home,  planting  his 
first  fruit  orchard  and  his  forage  farm,  which  he  watered  by 
means  of  ditches  of  his  own  construction,  leading  from  the  two 
lakes,  whose  bluish  cast  have  given  them  their  name. 

This  farm  has  in  the  neighborhood  of  twenty  thousand  bearing 
fruit  trees  of  almost  every  kind,  and  it  was  the  fruit  from  this 
noted  farm  that  won  the  first  prize  and  Gold  Medal  at  the  Trans- 
Mississippi  Congress,  Buffalo  Exposition,  World's  Fair  at 
Chicago,  Lewis  &  Clark  Exposition,  and  World's  Fair  at  Paris, 
for  the  best  fruit  exhibit. 

In  this  orchard  are  produced  almonds  and  walnuts. 
English  walnut  trees  are  flourishing,  but  are  yet  too  young  to 
have  produced.  In  the  plum  line  every  species  is  found  here, 
even  to  semi-tropical  fruit. 

The  question  may  be  raised,  if  this  country  pro- 
Demand  for  duces  so  marvelously,  will  the  available  market 
Products.  be  sufficient  to  keep  farming  so  profitable?-  In 

answer  to  this,  let  it  be  known  that  in  Idaho  are 
quartered  4,000,000  sheep,  besides  great  quantities  of  cattle. 
In  Cassia  County  alone  over  100,000  cattle  are  quartered  on  the 
ranches  there.  To  supply  winter  forage  for  the  present  demand, 
is  more  than  the  farmers  of  the  Twin  Falls  tracts  are  doing  now, 
and  as  the  cattle  industry  increases  on  the  tract,  even  more 
provender  will  be  required. 

Within  the  current  year  the  population  of  the  corn- 
Local  bined  tracts  will  be  close  to  20,000  people,  and  as  the 
Market.  sub-division  of  lands  has  already  begun,  the  colon- 
izers coming  in  with  purchases  of  five  or  ten  acre 
lots — laborers  and  mechanics  for  the  various  industries — there 
will  be  a  liberal  and  continually  growing  local  market  to  pro- 
vide for.  The  Pacific  coast  is  also  close  by,  which  furnishes, 
besides  the  market  of  the  seaboard  cities,  an  export  market  as 
well. 

The  many  mining  camps  are  all  great  consumers  of  the  pro- 
ducts of  the  Twin  Falls  tract,  and  may  be  included  in  the  local 
market. 

The  demand  for  sugar  beets  by  the  factories  locating  on 
the  tract  is  not  likely  to  ever  become  oversupplied,  for  the  sugar 

47 


beet  is  a  staple  and  will  always  be  in  great  demand,  and  hops, 
by  reason  of  their  excellent  quality,  are  shipped  in  quantities 
as  far  east  as  New  York. 

The  fruit  market  is  found  largely  in  the  states  East 
Fruit  of  the  Mississippi  River,  which  have  in  recent  years 

Market  become  great  consumers  of  the  Northwestern  fruits. 

It  may  not  be  known  that  two-thirds  of  the  North- 
western fruits  found  in  the  New  York  market  come  from  Idaho, 
and  Idaho  fruits,  as  well,  bring  the  best  prices  by  reason  of 
their  quality.  The  market  for  canned  fruits  is  also  an  extended 
one,  being  both  domestic  and  export.  In  fact  the  question  of 
market  for  products  is  not  one  to  give  any  anxiety  to  the 
settlers  on  the  Twin  Falls  tracts. 

With  the  great  resources  of  this  irrigation  tract  as  yet 
only  partially  developed,  and  with  the  knowledge  of  what  has 
been  already  accomplished,  the  future  of  this  district  within  the 
next  decade  baffles  prediction. 

The  success  of  the  North  Side  project  bids  fair 
Extraordinary  to  outstrip  that  of  the  South  Side,  so  that  their 
Sales  of  consideration  may  properly  be  that  of  one 

Land.  tract.  The  sales  of  land  at  Jerome,  on  the 

North  Side  amounted  to  nearly  50,000  acres  in 
one  day,  all  in  blocks  of  from  40  to  160  acres,  distancing  any- 
thing of  the  kind  ever  known.  Within  a  few  weeks,  more  than 
half  the  entire  acreage  had  been  disposed  of,  to  settlers  anxious 
to  develop  the  new  tract. 

There  is  abundant  water  for  the  proper  irrigation 
Water  of  the  Twin  Falls  tracts  at  all  seasons  of  the  year, 
Supply.  however  dry  that  season  may  be.  The  total  ap- 
propriation of  water  rights  accruing  to  the  Twin  Falls 
North  Side  Land  and  Water  Company  is  5,650  second  feet,  the 
contract  with  the  State  requiring  the  company,  however,  to  pro- 
vide a  carrying  capacity  of  but  1,800  second  feet,  as  being  an 
ample  supply  for  the  proper  irrigation  of  the  entire  180,000  acres. 
The  Company's  agreement  with  the  settlers,  based  on  the  State's 
contract,  allows  each  settler  1-80  of  a  second  foot  per  acre  con- 
tinuous flow,  which  is  equivalent  to  a  monthly  rainfall  of  9  inches. 

49 


Construction  work  on  Twin  Falls  North  Side  Canal 


The  Milner  Dam  diverting  the  water  from  the 
The  Dam  at  Snake  River,  twenty-three  miles  above  the 
Milner.  Great  Shoshone  Falls  at  the  head  of  the 

famous  Snake  River  Canyon,  is  declared  by 
engineers  to  be  one  of  the  finest  pieces  of  construction  of  its 
kind  in  the  world.  Its  cost  was  half  a  million  dollars,  and  it 
was  built  with  most  exacting  specifications  for  permanency. 
Upon  the  initial  development  of  the  North  Side  of  the  Snake 
River,  by  the  Twin  Falls  North  Side  Land  &  Water  Company, 
title  to  an  undivided  interest  in  this  dam  passed  to  the  latter 
company  under  the  sanction  of  the  State.  Of  concrete,  earth 
and  rock  construction,  it  raises  the  level  of  the  river  49  feet  and 
backing  the  water  14  miles,  forms  in  itself  a  large  reservoir. 
"The  gates  extend  530  feet  along  the  crest  of  the  dam,  whose 
total  length  is  2000  feet.  Incorporated  in  the  dam  are  two 
islands  of  rocks ;  on  the  south  island  are  located  the  gates  and  on 
the  north  island  is  a  permanent  concrete  waste  weir,  which  takes 
care  of  the  excess  flow  of  the  great  river.  Beneath  the  north 
island  is  a  tunnel  50  feet  wide  and  10  feet  high,  divided  into 
eight  compartments,  all  lined  with  cement.  The  two  islands, 
which  disputed  the  river's  path  divided  the  stream  into  three 
channels,  each  of  which  has  been  stopped  by  a  substantial 
dam.  The  rock  portion  of  the  dam  is  160  feet  wide  at  the  base, 
80  feet  high  and  20  feet  across.  The  upstream  side  is  filled 
with  puddled  earth  sluiced  in.  The  base  is  450  feet  with  a 
margin  of  safety  6J  to  1.  No  irrigation  tract  is  more  secure  in 
the  supply  of  water." 

In  addition  to  the  storage  capacity  of  the  Milner 
Features  of  Dam,  the  North  Side  tract  is  guarded  through  pro- 
Irrigation  vision  for  three  reservoirs  to  supplement  the  sup- 
System,  ply  at  any  time,  or  to  provide  for  any  possible 

contingency  The  aggregate  capacity  provided 
for  by  these  three  reservoirs  is  200,000  acre  feet;  an  exceptional 
liberal  reserve  supply.  A  participation  in  the  huge  government 
dam  at  Jackson's  Lake  in  the  Teton  Mountains  at  the  head- 
waters of  the  Snake  River  has  also  been  acquired,  an  evidence 
of  the  liberal  precautions  taken  to  insure  ample  water  supply  at 
all  times.  The  canals  are  constructed  of  rock,  earth  and  con- 

51 


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crete,  comprising  a  system  of  300  miles.  The  engineering  has 
been  under  the  charge  of  P.  S.  A.  Bickel,  who  constructed  the 
irrigation  work  of  the  South  Side,  and  both  D.  W.  Ross,  Esq., 
Government  Supervising  Engineer  in  charge  of  the  Minidoka 
project  and  A.  J.  Wylie,  Esq.,  the  well  known  hydraulic  engi- 
neer and  irrigation  expert,  have  reported  most  favorably  upon 
the  project. 

The  towns  of  Milner,  Jerome,  and  Wendell  are 
Towns  of  the  fast  building,  and  will  doubtless  hold  prominent 
Northside.  positions,  not  only  in  the  Commonwealth,  but 

throughout  the  entire  Northwest. 

With  such  wide  interest  in  the  subject  of  irrigation,  much 
has  been  written  recently  for  publication  in  current  magazines. 
The  Twin  Falls  tract  being  conspicuously  the  most  successful 
of  private  irrigation  projects  has  been  frequently  mentioned  in 
the  articles  referred  to,  and  more  elaborate  descriptions  have 
been  given  than  is  herein  attempted.  Its  fame  has  attracted 
numerous  visitors  of  prominence,  and  it  may  be  interesting  to 
quote  from  the  impressions  of  a  few  of  them  as  follows : 

In  the  summer  of  1907  William  Jennings  Bryan  said 
A  Few  in  a  speech :  "No  one  who  has  visited  the  irrigated 

Comments,      regions  can  understand  the  transformation  that 

water  makes  in  the  appearance  of  a  desert.  But 
even  those  accustomed  to  the  miracle,  that  has  been  wrought 
by  the  irrigation  canals,  is  hardly  prepared  for  the  change  that 
has  taken  place  within  three  years  in  the  land  about  Twin  Falls. 
We  visited  Jerome,  the  new  town  on  the  North  Side  Twin  Falls 
project,  in  order  that  we  might  compare  it  with  the  develop- 
ment which  we  expect  to  see  when  we  return  a  few  years  hence. 
With  your  climate,  your  soil,  and  the  abundant  water  of  your 
great  river,  you  are  destined  to  be  one  of  the  most  famous,  if 
not  the  most  famous  of  the  irrigated  sections  of  the  country." 

The  Congressional  Committee  on  Irrigation  and  Reclama- 
tion made  a  tour  of  the  arid  states  and  visited  the  Twin  Falls 
Tract.  In  reporting  this  visit  the  Twin  Falls  News  says:  'The 
Twin  Falls  Irrigation  project  is  by  far  the  grandest  private 
enterprise  of  the  kind  we  have  ever  seen  since  we  began  our 
journey  through  the  arid  regions  of  the  west,  and  we  have  seen 

53 


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practically  every  project  of  note  in  the  country."  Said  Con- 
gressman Mondell  of  Wyoming:  "Your  water  supply  is  illimit- 
able and  the  method  of  diverting  and  distributing  it  is  superb. 
You  have  a  magnificent  stretch  of  land.  I  have  not  a  single 
criticism  to  offer." 

"All  you  need  is  a  Pennsylvania  Dutchman  to  farm  your 
lands,"  declared  Congressman  A.  F.  Cooper  of  Pennsylvania. 
"We  have  seen  many  projects  on  our  journey,  but  none  of  them 
suits  me  like  this  one.  The  soil,  the  climate  and  the  water  sup- 
ply are  first  class,  and  your  citizens  are  evidently  people  of  brains 
and  capital.  I  am  not  authority  on  irrigation,  but  I  do  not  need 
to  be,  to  appreciate  your  magnificent  project ;  a  schoolboy  could 
do  that." 

Congressman  Reeder  of  Kansas,  could  speak  with  author- 
ity, being  familiar  with  irrigation  for  years.  "As  an  old  irri- 
gator,"  he  said  "it  was  easy  for  me  to  become  enthusiastic  over 
the  Twin  Falls  project.  It  is  an  enterprise  I  want  to  remember. 
Your  water  supply  is  secure  and  ample;  your  land  is  fertile  and 
easy  to  irrigate;  and  your  climate  is  such  that  people  may  live 
here  in  comfort  the  year  around." 

Such  corroborative  evidence  may  be  heard  from  all  who 
visit  this  tract.  They  come  with  doubting  minds,  they  see, 
they  hear,  and  with  conviction  of  the  miracle,  they  turn  away 
again  with  keen  regret  that  word  and  pen  so  utterly  fail  to  de- 
scribe this  truly  greatest  wonder  of  the  age. 


Company  House  at  Milner,  Idaho. 
55 


Typical  Farm  Houses 


on  the  Twin  Falls  tract. 


Opportunities  for  Investment  Afforded 
by  "Irrigation." 

While  Irrigation  bonds  have  had  a  place  in  the 
The  Carey  Act  investment  market  for  many  years,  being 
responsible  principally  the  issues  of  "municipal  irrigation 

for  invest-  districts,"  or  those  of  corporations  organized 

ment  possi-  to  supply  water  to  land  owners  at  a  stipu- 

bilities  of  lated  rental  for  irrigating  purposes,  not  until 

Irrigation  the  passage  of  the  Federal  Carey  Act  in  1894, 

Securities.  and  its  vitally  important  amendment  in  1897, 

was  there  any  special  protection  afforded  the 
investor  in  irrigation  securities  of  private  undertakings,  beyond 
that  which  might  obtain  in  each  individual  case  on  its  own  merits. 
Investors  until  then,  therefore,  naturally  held  aloof  from 
a  class  of  securities,  which  placed  the  layman  at  such  a  disad- 
vantage in  determining  the  relative  security  afforded  by  each 
offering.  And  properly  so,  for  certain  essential  features  might 
be  lacking  which  would  render  the  project  unsuccessful,  causing 
the  bondholders  to  foreclose  on  a  property  which  might  prove 
of  little  merit. 

It  was,  therefore,  for  this  reason  that  the  United 
Elements  of  States  Government  evolved  a  plan  for  the  en- 
Success  are  couragement  of  capital  investment  in  irrigation 
Guaranteed,  securities,  resulting  in  the  passage  of  the  ' 'Carey 

Act." 

Reclamation    projects    operating    under   its   provisions   are 
guaranteed  liberal  safeguards  to  the  investor:— 

(1)  A  sufficient  water  supply,  and  its  proper  distribution 
over  the  tract  to  be  irrigated 

(2)  A  climate  and  soil  suitable  for  agricultural  pursuits. 

(3)  Stability    and    completion    of    the    irrigation    works, 
which  must  be  constructed  under  the  supervision  of  the  State, 
and  whose  completion  is  guaranteed  by  a  substantial  bond. 

(4)  A  statement  of  the  estimated  cost  of  the  works,  and 
the  margin  of  profit  contemplated  in  the  sale  of  the  water  rights . 
the  maximum  price  of  which  to  settlers  i?  fixed. 

57 


(5)  Perfect  titles  to  the  land,   direct  from  the  Govern- 
ment and  the  State. 

(6)  Eventual   proprietorship   of   the  irrigation  system  by 
the  land  owners — each  water  right  purchased  representing  a 
share  in  the  Irrigation  Company. 

(7)  A  first  and  prior  lien  created  by  the  State,  on  all  the 
segregated  land  in  favor  of  the  irrigation  company. 

(8)  A  settled  community  of  improved  and  developed  farms 
of  160  acres  or  less,  each. 

All  the  elements  necessary  for  success  are  thus  assured  to 
" Carey  Act"  irrigation  projects. 

This  has  been  made  possible  by  the  earnest  endeavor  of  the 
United  States  Government, ,  to  encourage  its  citizens  to  assist  in 
reclaiming  the  arid  lands,  by  affording  them  security  for  the 
return  of  their  capital,  together  with  proper  compensation  for 
its  use. 

There  are,  of  course,  features  which  render  "Carey 
Carey  Act  Act"  projects  more  or  less  desirable.  These  are 
projects  those  which  bear  on  the  attractiveness  of  the  irri- 
of  gated  district  to  prospective  settlers,  and  which  con- 

relative          tribute  to  a  reasonably  quick  sale  of  the  land  and 
worth  water  rights,  through  which  the  irrigation  company 

is  reimbursed  for  its  investment,  and  secures  its 
profits.  Among  these  collateral  features  are  the  relative  pro- 
ductiveness of  the  soil,  advantages  of  climate,  the  market  for 
products,  the  transportation  facilities  afforded,  the  character  of 
settlers,  the  educational  opportunities,  and  the  cost  of  fuel  and 
power. 

In  addition  to  the  obligation  of  the  irrigation 
Special  se-  company  and  the  security  afforded,  by  the  mort- 

curity  af-  gaging   of   its   works,    (including   dams,    reser- 

forded  voirs  and  canals,  and  its  right  to  distribute  water 

through  and  sell  its  shares),  the  bonds  of  "Carey  Act" 

"Carey  Act"        projects  are  further  protected  through  a  first 
features.  and  prior  lien,  on  the  entire  segregated  tract, 

created  by  the  state,  in  favor  of  the  Company. 
This  lien  provides  that  the  lands  of  projects  under  this  Act  may 
be  sold  to  settlers  by  the  state,  only  after  the  settlers  shall  have 

58 


purchased  a  corresponding  amount  of  water  rights,  or  shares 
in  the  Irrigation  Company,  at  a  price  representing  a  proportion- 
ate cost  of  the  works,  together  with  the  profit  permitted  by 
the  State. 

To  facilitate  the  colonization  of  the  land,  the  water  rights 
are  usually  sold  on  terms  of  a  definite  payment  down,  and  the 
balance  in  annual  installments.  A  still  further  security  is  thus 
made  possible  as  the  basis  for  a  bond  issue  by  the  Irrigation 
company,  in  that  the  purchase  money  mortgages,  given  to  the 
company  by  the  settler  to  secure  the  deferred  payments,  may  be 
pledged  with  a  trustee,  giving  the  bondholders  the  additional 
security  of  first  mortgages  on  individual  farm  lands.  As  the 
installment  payments  are  made  on  these  purchase  money  mort- 
gages, the  equity  in  the  mortgages  correspondingly  increases. 
Moreover,  the  value  of  the  land  securing  the  mortgages  invari- 
ably increases  with  the  development  of  the  district,  so  that  where 
the  original  mortgage  represents  say  80  per  cent  of  the  first  cost  of 
the  undeveloped  land,  after,  say,  four  or  five  installment  payments 
have  been  made,  the  mortgage  lien  represents  perhaps  only 
one-half  of  the  original  cost,  and  may  be  only  five  or  ten  per  cent, 
of  the  then  actual  market  value  of  the  land  securing  the  mort- 
gage. This  feature  of  increasing  security,  renders  the  long  ma- 
turities of  the  serial  bond  issue,  especially  desirable  from  an 
investor's  standpoint. 

With  perfect  titles  afforded  through  patents  from 
Perfect  the  state,  and  with  the  validity  of  the  mortgages 
titles  unquestionable,  (since  the  original  lien  is  created 

assured.  by  the  state  under  authorization  of  the  United  States 

Government),  the  only  element  open  for  consider- 
ation, in  establishing  the  security  presented,  is  the  sufficiency  of 
the  margin  of  equity,  and  the  stability  of  land  values. 

A  recent  report  of  the  Reclamation  Service  gives 
Land  the  average  value  of  lands  reclaimed  by  the  Govern- 

Values.  ment  as  $47.00  per  acre.  The  terms  upon  which  Gov- 
ernment project  lands  are  sold  to  settlers  are  much 
less  attractive  than  those  of  the  lands  sold  under  Carey  Act  pro- 
jects. It  stands  to  reason,  therefore,  that  the  average  value  of  the 
latter  lands  should  considerably  exceed  this  figure.  As  a  matter 

59 


of  fact  they  do,  and  it  is  a  rare  instance  where  any  improved 
land,  in  any  irrigated  district,  can  be  purchased  for  as  little  as 
$50.00  an  acre  anywhere.  On  a  newly  irrigated  district  the 
lands  bring  from  $75.00  to  $300.00  an  acre,  and  as  development 
proceeds,  the  values  enhance,  until  $300.00  no  longer  seems  a 
high  price  for  good  agricultural  land.  Orchard  land  is  in  demand 
at  much  higher  figures,  it  frequently  changing  hands  at  as  high 
as  $2,000  per  acre.  The  reason  for  this  is  due  to  the  prolific 
soil  of  irrigated  land,  the  absence  of  crop  failures,  the  abundance 
of  sunshine  and  the  regulated  moisture  making  scientific  farm- 
ing possible,  and  assuring  future  crops,  many  times  in  excess 
of  those  grown  in  the  humid  regions.  A  farmer  may  dispose 
of  his  eastern  farm  at  a  price  for  which  he  can  purchase  three 
times  the  acreage  on  a  district  about  to  be  irrigated,  and  upon 
it,  when  the  water  is  "turned  on,"  produce  crops  three  or  four 
times  in  amount  per  acre  those  produced  by  his  former  farm. 
In  this  way  he  not  only  doubles  or  trebles  his  income,  but  in- 
creases it  maybe  eight  or  ten  times  over. 

The  magazines  and  newspapers  of  the  coun- 
Increasing  try  are  active  in  extending  a  wider  interest 

demand  for  in  irrigated  lands,  and  the  wide  awake  farmer 

Irrigated  Land.  of  the  East  and  Central  West  is  becoming 

alive  to  the  vast  opportunities  presented, 
and  is  settling  upon  the  new  lands,  leaving  his  worn-out  farm 
for  his  less  progressive  neighbor.  At  a  recent  opening  of  a  tract 
in  Idaho  by  the  Twin  Falls  North  Side  Land  &  Water  Company, 
over  48,000  acres  of  land  were  sold  in  one  day,  to  nearly  1900 
settlers,  representing  forty  of  the  states  of  the  Union. 

The  demand  today  for  irrigated  land  is  greater  than  the 
supply.  Thousands  of  United  States  citizens  have  been  aroused 
to  settle  the  irrigated  districts  in  the  Canadian- Alberta  Province, 
owing  to  the  limited  area  of  irrigated  land  in  this  country.  It 
seems  that,  as  fast  as  an  irrigated  tract  is  opened  for  settlement, 
the  land  is  quickly  occupied.  Little  doubt,  therefore,  can  exist 
regarding  not  only  the  stability  of  present  values  of  irrigated 
lands,  but  of  the  certain  increase  in  values,  as  the  demand  for 
the  lands  grows,  with  the  increasing  appreciation  of  their  real 
worth. 

60 


With  this  question  disposed  of,  the  bonds  of  irrigation  com- 
panies, which  operate  under  the  provisions  of  the' 'Carey  Act," 
and  which  pledge  the  individual  settlers'  purchase  money  mort- 
gages with  a  reasonable  margin  of  equity  attaching,  present,  as 
a  class,  an  opportunity  for  an  exceedingly  safe  and  conservative 
investment.  In  addition  to  the  fact  that  they  are  secured  by 
individual  farm  mortgages,  their  issue  is  of  a  necessity  based  on 
cost  values,  and  is  not  susceptible  to  valuations  fictitious  or 
''watered."  With  crops  insured  against  failure  from  drought 
or  flood,  with  strikes  and  lockouts,  conflagration  and  financial 
panic,  no  factor  to  the  irrigation  farmer's  success,  prompt  pay- 
ments may  be  with  the  utmost  certainty  depended  upon. 

In   the  relative  security  value  of  the   several 
Relative  classes  of  investments,  first  place  is  conceded 

position  of  to  Government  bonds,  and  those  bonds  which 

investments.       have  been  legally  issued  by  substantial  munici- 
palities.    Such  securities  are  based  on  the  sov- 
reignty  of  the  State,  and  the  prior  claims  of  taxation. 

Second  only  to  these  are  first  mortgage  bonds  secured  by 
real  estate.  Their  relative  value  is  determined  by  the  sufficien- 
cy of  the  margin  of  equity,  the  marketability  and  stability  of 
values  of  the  property  mortgaged,  and  the  responsibility  of  the 
mortgagor.  There  is  further  entailed  upon  the  investor  how- 
ever, scrutiny  of  property  titles  and  position  of  the  lien.  In 
this  class  may  be  properly  included  irrigation  bonds  of  com- 
panies which  operate  under  the  "Carey  Act,"  and  which  pledge 
as  additional  security  the  purchase  money  mortgages  received 
from  settlers. 

Such  bonds  have  distinct  points  of  advantage  for 
Advantages  investment  purposes  over  many  local  mortgages: 
over  (1)  The  sufficiency  of  the  margin  of  equity  is 

Mortgages,  usually  ample,  even  based  upon  values  of  the  land 

in  an  undeveloped  state,  and  these  values,  as  has 
been  shown,  invariably  increase  greatly  with  development. 
There  is  no  danger  then  of  basing  the  margin  of  equity  on  a 
high  valuation,  which  is  likely  to  decrease,  wiping  out  the  margin, 
as  is  not  infrequently  the  case  in  mortgages  on  city  property, 
even  in  the  most  substantial  cities.  The  price  of  irrigated  farm 

61 


and  orchard  land  is  on  the  increase,  the  price  of  farm  land  in  the 
East  seems  to  have  passed  its  maximum. 

(2)  The  demand  for  the  irrigated  lands  of  ''Carey  Act"  pro- 
jects is  such  as  to  guarantee  an  assured  market  for  the  proper- 
ties under  mortgage,  practically  eliminating  all  possibility  for 
the  necessity  of  "buying  in"  the  property  under  foreclosure, 
for  self  protection. 

(3)  The  question  of  title  is  eliminated,  inasmuch  as  the 
title  to  the  irrigated  lands  under  mortgage  is  received  through 
patent  from  the  state. 

(4)  The  position  of  the  priority  of  the  mortgage  is  absolute 
by  Federal  and  State  enactment,  there  being  created  a  first  and 
prior  lien  "which  said  lien  is  in  all  respects  prior  to  any  and  all 
other  liens  created,  or  attempted  to  be  created  by  the  owner 
or  possessor  of  the  lands." 

(5)  The  responsibility  of  the  mortgagor  is  a  question  passed 
upon  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior,  as  well  as  by  the  State 
Board  of  Land  Commissioners,  before  granting  the  application, 
and  is  further  assured  by  the  filing  of  a  substantial  bond  with 
the  state. 

(6)  The  convertibility  of  irrigation  bonds  is  usually  much 
more  readily  effected,  than  in  the  case  of  any  individual  mort- 
gage, on  either  farm  or  city  property. 

Granting  that  the  above  statements  cannot 
Certain  Irrigation  be  successfully  disputed,  the  bonds  of  "Carey 
bonds  rank  Act"  irrigation  projects,  which  pledge  the 

next  to  settlers'   mortgages   as   additional   security, 

Government  and      take  rank  as  a  class.,  in  point  of  security 
Municipal  bonds,      next  to  Government  and  municipal  bonds. 

As  the  security  now  afforded  the  investor  in  irrigation 
bonds  becomes  more  fully  appreciated,  and  more  widely  known, 
it  is  certain  that  irrigation  bonds  will  within  the  near  future  sell 
at  relatively  much  higher  prices.  Especially  is  this  so  in  view  of 
the  recent  financial  disturbances,  which  have  warned  the  careful 
investor,  to  seek  investments  remotely  removed  from  the  in- 
fluences of  speculation,  and  direct  dependence  upon  industrial 
development. 

62 


Farm  lands  are  the  basis  of  security  for 

Farm  Products  the    irrigation    bonds    now    under    con- 

Always  in  Demand.       sideration;    and    farm    lands    supply    a 

necessity  at  all  periods,  whether  of  pros- 
perity or  depression.  The  80,000,000  people  in  this  land  must 
depend  on  the  products  of  the  soil  for  food,  and  other  nations, 
as  well,  must  look  to  this  country  to  supplement  their  food  and 
provender  supplies.  Mr.  J.  J.  Hill,  the  well  known  railroad 
pioneer  and  developer  of  the  Northwest,  is  quoted  in  a  recent 
speech  as  saying  "The  greatest  resourcefulness  of  this  country 
lies  not  in  her  iron  and  steel,  nor  in  her  gold  and  silver,  but  in  the  ' 
fertility  of  her  soil,  and  its  development  in  agricultural  pursuits. " 
President  Roosevelt  in  his  message  to  Congress  of  Decem- 
ber, 1907,  says  "Irrigation  should  be  far  more  extensively  de- 
veloped than  at  present******  The  work  of  the  Reclamation 
Service  in  developing  the  larger  opportunities  of  the  Western 
half  of  our  country  by  irrigation  is  more  important  than  almost 
any  other  movement. ' ' 

With  the  Government  active  in  the  performance 
Opportunity  of  its  share,  in  adding  to  the  general  prosperity, 
for  investor  through  the  reclamation  of  the  arid  lands,  en- 
to  couraging  capital  by  the  enactment  of  protective 

participate.          laws,  and  donating  millions  of  acres  of  its  lands, 

and  with  prospective  settlers  only  awaiting  the 
call,  it  remains  for  the  capitalist  and  the  investor  to  avail  them- 
selves of  the  invitation  to  assist  in  the  great  work,  by  familiar- 
izing themselves  with  the  subject,  and  by  lending  their  money 
in  this  cause,  where  they  are  certain  not  only  to  receive  it  back 
again,  but  to  be  liberally  compensated  for  its  use. 


REPUBLIC  BANK  NOTE  COMPANY 
PITTSBURGH,  PA- 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY, 
BERKELEY 


THIS  BOOK  IS  DUE  ON  THE  LAST  DATE 
STAMPED  BEIiOW 

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50c  per  volume  after  the  third  day  overdue,  increasing 
to  $1.00  per  volume  after  the  sixth  day.  Books  not  in 
demand  may  be  renewed  if  application  is  made  before 
expiration  of  loan  period. 


MAR  31 

MAR  31  1925 


JUI/19  1930 


- 


24Apr'57J  N 


MAY  29  «57 

SENT  ON  ILL 

JAN  30  1998 

U.  C.  BERKELEY 


15m-12,'24 


193425 


